关系代词是什么？
关系代词
关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如：
I hate people who talk much but do little.
I’m looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.
With the money that he had saved, he went on with his studies.
Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster?
关系副词，
在句子中做状语，高中常见的就是，where ,when如：
地点状语： My father works in the factory where we visited in last month.
时间状语： I still remember the time when my mother told me the news.
其他的还有方式状语，让步状语，原因状语。他们在句子中相当于一个副词用。
关系代词 指代作用 和关系副词不指代，句子不缺成分，只做状语用。
相信你已经明白，希望对你有用。
关系代词有哪些？
用作关联词的关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which等。who，whom，whose指人，who是主格，在从句中用作主语(在非正式英语中亦可用作宾语);whom是宾格，在从句中用作宾语;whose是属格，在从句中用作定语(有时亦可指物)。如：
The man who was here yesterday is a painter. 昨天在这里的那个人是位画家。(主格关系代词who在从句中用作主语)
The man who I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。(在非正式英语中who 代替了whom，亦可省去不用)
I know the man whom you mean. 我认识你指的那个人。(宾语关系代词whom在从句中用作宾语)
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. 失去父母的孩子叫做孤儿。(属格关系代词whose在从句中用作定语，指人)
I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。(属格关系代词whose在从句中用作定语，指room，可代之以of which，但后者较为正式)
that在从句中既可用作主语，亦可用作宾语(在非正式文体中可省去);既可指人，亦可指物，在当代英语中多指物。如：
A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read. 用铅笔写的信很难读。(关系代词that在从句中用作主语，指物)
The letter that I received from him yesterday is very important. 昨天他来的信很重要。(关系代词that在从句中用作宾语，指物)
Is he the man that sells eggs? 他是卖鸡蛋的那个人吗?(关系代词that在从句中用作主语，指人)
This is the book which has been retranslated into many languages. 这就是那本有多种译本的书。(关系代词which在从句中用作主语)
Where is the book which I bought this morning? 今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿?(关系代词which在从句中用作宾语，可省去)
which在从句中亦可用作定语和表语。如：
We told him to consult the doctor, which advice he took. 我们叫他去看医生，他听取了我们的劝告。(关系代词which在从句中用作定语)
The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact, they were. 那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上真是如此。(关系代词which在从句中用作表语)
as，than，but亦可用作关系代词。如：
The two brothers were satisfied with this decision, as was agreed beforehand. 两兄弟对这个决定都满意，它事先已经他们同意了。(关系代词as在从句中用作主语，其先行词是this decision)
He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. 他是个外国人，我是从他的口音知道的。(关系代词as在从句中用作宾语，其先行词是前面的整个句子)
I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲的这类故事。(关系代词as与指示代词such连用，在从句中用作宾语，其先行词是such stories)
Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. 她对他的态度同她惯常的态度完全一样。(关系代词as与指示代词same连用，在从句中用作表语，其先行词是same)
You spent more money than was intended to be spent. 你花的钱超过了预定的数额。(关系代词than在从句中用作主语，其先行词是money)
There are very few but admire his talents. 很少人不赞赏他的才干的。(关系代词but在从句中用作主语，其先行词是few，but=who don’t)
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时，介词既可置于从句之首，亦可置于从句之末。但以置于从句之首较为正式。如：
This is the book for which you asked. 这是你所要的书。(关系代词用作介系词for宾语，放在从句之首，即which之前)
This is the book which you asked for. 这是你所要的书。(介词for置于从句之末，which在此可省去)
关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时，介词须置于句末。如：
The people who you were talking to are Swedes. 你与之谈话的那些人是瑞典人。(关系代词主格who用作介词to宾语时，介词to须置于从句之末，who在口语中可省去)
Here is the car that I told you about. 这儿就是我和你谈过的那辆汽车。(关系代词that用作介词about宾语，介词about须置于从句之末)
有时从句还有其它成分，介词则置于从句之中。如：
This is the boy who he worked with in the office. 那就是与他一道办公的那个男孩。
先行词指人时，关系代词既可用who，亦可用that。但关系代词在从句之中用作主语时，多用主格who。如：
Persons who are quarrelsome are despised. 好争吵者遭轻视。(除外persons，还有people，those，等皆多用who)
All who heard the story were amazed. 听到这个故事的人都感到吃惊。(代词如he，they，any，all，one等之后多用who)
I will pardon him who is honest. 我愿意宽恕他，他是诚实的。(描述性定语从句用who)
I think it is you who should prove to me. 我认为是你应该向我提出证据。(在强调结构中多用who，who在此可省去)
Who is not for us is against us. 谁不赞成我们就是反对我们。(缩合连接代词who为可代之以that)
在下列一些情况中则多用that。如：
He was the man that the bottle fell on. 他就是瓶子落在其身上的那个人。(此处常用that作宾语指人，亦可用whom，如果把介系词on放在从句之首，则后面的关系代词只能用whom，写成：He was the man on whom the bottle fell.)
He is a man that is never at a loss. 他是一个从未一筹莫展的人。(that常用于泛指人)
He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car. 我望着塞满车的孩子和包裹。(兼指人与物时须用that)
Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess? 你曾见过谁能在棋艺上打败他?(避免与先行词who重复时应用that)
That’s the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday. 这个与前天求援的是同一个人。(先行词前有指示代词same时应用that)
He is not that man that he was. 他已不是过去的他了。(that常用作表语)
I knew her father for the simplest, hardest working man that ever drew the breath of life. 我早知她的父亲是一个世上最简朴最努力工作的人。(先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词或only等词时应用that)
先行词指物时，关系代词that与which往往可以互换。但在下列情况中多用that。如：
All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的东西不都是金子。(不定代词包括复合词something等只能后接that)
It was the largest map that I ever saw. 那是我所看见过的最大的地图。(前有形容词最高级等的先行词之后只能用that)
It was liberation that brought about a complete change in his life. 是解放给他的生活带来了彻底的改变。(强调结构用that)
There is a house that has bay windows. 有一栋房子有凸出的窗户。(that在此表固有的特点)
The distance that you are from home is immaterial. 你离家的距离是不足道的。(在限制性定语从句中关系代词用作表语应用that，在描述性定语从句中则应用which)
Which was the hotel that was recommended to you? 哪一个是推荐给你的旅馆?(这里用that显然是为了避免重复which)
在下列情况中则多用which。如：
Larry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book. 拉里把我在书本开关叙述过的那个关于一个青年飞行员的故事讲给她听。(离先行词较远时常用which)
A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. 商店应存在最畅销的货物。(“those+复形名词”之后多用which)
I have that which you gave me. 我有你给我的那个。(which比较正式，在非正式英语中也可用that)
Beijing, which was China’s capital for more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京曾是八百多年的中国首都，有很丰富的历史文物。(描述性定语从句一般皆用which)
This is the one of which I’m speaking. 这就是我所讲的那个。(介系词之后须用which)
关系代词有哪些？
关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引导从句的关联词。
它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（通称为先行词）。
如： He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。
关系副词
1.关系副词兼有副词与连接词两种作用。
2.关系副词所引导的形容词子句用于修饰主要子句中的某一名词或代名词,被修饰的词称作先行词,关系副词要放在先行词之后。
3.关系副词主要有四个,即when, where, why, how。此外the也可作关系副词引导副词子句。
Would you please tell me the way how I can get to the zoo?
你能告诉我去动物园的路吗?
the way是先行词。
This is the place where(that) I first met her.
这是我第一次见到她的地方。
在口语中that可以充当关系副词,代替when, why, how,只有先行词是the place时,才可代替where。
A:When should we start to work?
B:The sooner (we start), the better (it will be).
我们该开什么时候应始工作? 越早越好。
the作关系副词是引导副词子句,句子结构一般为:The+比较级...+the+比较级...,第一个the是关系副词。
4.time,day,year,place,house,reason,way等作先行词时可以被省略,其后的子句不再是形容词子句,而变成名词子句或副词子句。
中文:这是他出生的地方。
This is where he was born.
where he was born是名词子句。
This is the place where he was born.
where he was born是形容词子句。
中文:我将在第一次见到她的地方见她。
I'll meet her at the place where I first met her.
where I first met her是形容词子句。
I'll meet her where I first met her.
where I first met her是副词子句。
5.关系副词有限定用法,指的是关系副词引导的形容词子句只修饰先行词。
We were very happy in those days when we studied in school.
我们在学校里上学的那些日子里很快乐。
6.关系副词有补述用法,即关系副词引导的是对等子句而不是形容词子句,主要用于对主要子句中的不足之处加以补充,前面都要加逗点与主要子句分开。
Tom got married the day before yesterday, when it was his birthday too.
汤姆前天结婚了,那天也是他的生日。
7.wherever,whenever,however是复合关系副词,表示"不论",引导一个修饰主要子句里的动词的副词子句,可加强语气或表示让步。
【参见关系形容词】
Wherever he goes, he would bring an umbrella with him.
不论他去那里,他都带着一把雨伞。
18.3 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
